Home Page About Sophies desk Contact

English Language - A2 - Language Change - Instructional Manual

The Servant's Duty or The Calling and Condition of Servants 1613

Every creature is called to some one thing wherein his calling doth consist, as the bird to fly, the fish to swim; and man (saith Job) is called to travail and labor, as the sparks fly upwards. Yea, men being all of one and the same nature, have divers callings: the king to rule, the master to teach and command, and the servant to obey. Yea, the servant is called to three things: to labor, to suffer, and to serve.

The third thing whereunto a servant is called is to serve, that is, to obey and to be in subjection, to have no will of his own or power over himself, but wholly to resign himself to the will of his Master, and this is to obey. For what is obedience, but as it is defined by the learned [as] * * * a voluntary and reasonable sacrificing of man's own will: voluntarily, freely, and without any constraint, and reasonably, that is, according to reason and religion, in the obedience and fear of God, to deny his own will, his own affections, and to submit himself altogether to the will of God, and his superiors in God. * * * Here then servants may see and learn how they must serve and obey. They must be obedient at a word, at a call, and at a beck. * * * All obedience must be subordinate unto the divine obedience due unto God. If thy master bid thee do evil, hurt thy neighbor's cattle, or steal his goods; if he command thee, or give thee example to cog and lie, to steal or use any fraud or deceit in buying or selling, to sell that which is evil for good, to exact more than a thing is worth, to do anything which you should not be content would be done to you, then say, as Christ the Master of us all said, when one told him that his mother and his brethren stood without to speak with him: "Who," saith he, "is my mother, and who are my brethren, et cetera?"

Modal verb expressing obligation or necessity. Here repeated to emphasise duty.
Latin loan phrase meaning 'and the rest'.
Inclusion of direct speech, delineated by quotation marks.
Female gendered noun in an otherwise male focussed text.
Example of a simple sentence.
The conditional 'if' here marks the beginning of a very complex sentence which has over 20 clauses, many of them non-finite.
Repetition of lexis within the same sentence employed for rhetorical effect or emphasis. Examples include obey/obedience, reasonable/reasonably/reason, called/calling.
Text is inconsistent in the use of pronouns: here both thee and you are employed within the same sentence showing that the pre-17th century distinction between 'thee/thou' singular and 'ye/you' plural is not observed here.
Archaic second person determiner.
Archaic second person pronoun.
Lexical field of wrongdoing: evil, hurt, steal, cog, lie, fraud, deceit.
Rhetorical question.
Archaic lexis.
Archaic lexis. Interjection. Here fronted for emphasis.
Biblical allusion. The book of Job is one of the most well-known books of the Old Testament. The story is that of an upright man, Job, whose faith in God endures despite a series of punishing tests.
Archaic inflection of present tense verb - th ending.
Archaic inflection of present tense verb - th ending.
Archaic lexis.
Archaic verb. Travail: to work.
Tripling is a key feature in this paragraph and here attention is drawn to this device; tripling reflects the religious undercurrent of the text as the trinity is a key symbol within Christianity and the repeated use of syndetic patterns of three reinforces God's law and the moral authority of the writer.
This is one of many examples of syntactic parallelism used here to emphasise the order of God's universe in which all things have their place and so are equal both in the eyes of God and grammatically.
to cog: to cheat
suffer: to bear patiently

Buy your books here: